阿卡围城战 (1291年)

于1291年发生的阿卡围城战（又名阿卡陷落）中，十字军所控制的阿卡城被穆斯林占领。该围城战被认为是这一时期最重要的战役之一。虽然十字军运动持续了几个世纪，但阿卡的陷落标志着十字军进一步向黎凡特进军的失败。阿卡的陷落使十字军失去了耶路撒冷王国最后的堡垒。他们仍然在北部的塔尔图斯城拥有一座堡垒，并试图从艾尔瓦德岛进军，但在1302年/1303年十字军失去了该岛，从而彻底被赶出了圣地。

延伸阅读

• Antonio Musarra, Acri 1291. La caduta degli stati crociati, Bologna, il Mulino, 2017.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20120309203403/http://historyavenue.com/conquest_of_acre_1291.html Siege of Acre 1291]
• The history of the crusades, Volume 3, pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mAcMAAAAYAAJ&client=firefox-a&pg=PA70#v=onepage&q=&f=false 70–89 (Google Books, full view)] , by Joseph François Michaud, trans. William Robson. Note that in this account Acre is referred to as "Ptolemaïs", Sultan Qalawun as "Kalouan" and Khalil as "Chalil" and throughout the work Muslims are referred to as "Mussulmans". Several contemporary manuscripts, such as the chronicles of Ibn Ferat, are referenced and appendices give some translations.
• The Crusades by Edward Gibbon (1963), pp. [https://archive.org/stream/crusades00scotgoog#page/n87/mode/1up 76–78], provides a useful short summary of the events of the siege including an overview of the situation in Acre at the time.