1940年6月14日,苏联入侵並佔領波罗的海三国(爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛)这一事件,随后三国即被吞并并成为了苏联加盟共和国。1941年6月22日,纳粹德国展開巴巴罗萨行动攻击苏联,在数周内占领波罗的海国家。1941年7月,第三帝国成立東方總督轄區管理波罗的海地区。1944年波羅的海攻勢行动后,苏军重新占领波罗的海地区,并将剩余德军围困于库尔兰口袋中,直至其1945年5月正式投降。苏联对波罗的海国家的占领则一直维持至1991年8月波罗的海国家重获独立为止。苏联国务委员会在1991年9月6日正式承认三国独立,并支持三国加入联合国和欧盟。俄罗斯在1998年8月将其位于波罗的海国家的最后一个军事基地移交拉脱维亚,并在1999年10月撤出所有驻扎在波罗的海国家的俄军。
波羅的海三國、美國及其法院、歐洲議會歐洲人權法院以及联合国人权理事会均表明三國的權益在1939年蘇德互不侵犯條約受剝奪,先遭蘇聯入侵,再遭德國入侵,然後被蘇聯非法佔領及吞併。各國和組織對蘇聯吞併的不承認政策,衍生出國體連續的原則,即三國雖然於1940年至1991年被非法佔領,在法理上仍然獨立。
参见
*苏联占领波罗的海国家 (1940年)
*冬季战争
*苏联占领比萨拉比亚和北布科维纳
参考文献
扩展阅读
- Yaacov Falkov, "Between the Nazi Hammer and the Soviet Anvil: The Untold Story of the Red Guerrillas in the Baltic Region, 1941-1945", in Chris Murray (ed.), Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 96–119,
- [http://www.latvians.com/en/Reading/TheseNamesAccuse/ThNA-08-Appendix-1.php Regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.] – Full text, English
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20101211204819/http://estonia.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/ The Global Museum on Communism] about the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070118085348/http://www.occupationmuseum.lv/eng/about_us/welcome.html The Occupation museum of Latvia]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182540/http://www.realworldpictures.ca/ GULAG 113] – Canadian film about Estonians mobilized into the Red Army 1941 and forced into labour in the GULAG
- [http://latvians.com/en/Reading/SovietAggression/envelope-AR.php Soviet Aggression Against the Baltic States] by (Latvian Supreme Court justice) Augusts Rumpeters — Short and thoroughly annotated dissertation on Soviet-Baltic treaties and relations. 1974. Full text
- Situation in Soviet occupied Estonia in 1955–1956. Manivald Räästas, Eduard Õun. 1956.
媒體及學術文章
- Mälksoo, Lauri (2000). [https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718100020296305 Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law] . Nordic Journal of International Law 69.3, 289–316.
- Non-Recognition in the Courts: The Ships of the Baltic Republics by Herbert W. Briggs. In The American Journal of International Law Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 585–596.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080203174933/http://www.eurozine.com/authors/senn.html Alfred Erich Senn] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705165914/http://www.lfpr.lt/uploads/File/2000-6/Senn.pdf What Happened in Lithuania in 1940?](PDF)
- The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States, by Irina Saburova. In Russian Review, 1955
- [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,797901-1,00.html The Steel Curtain] , 時代雜誌, April 14, 1947
- [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,806766,00.html The Iron Heel] , 時代雜誌, December 14, 1953
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