托马斯·哈代

托马斯·哈代，OM（Thomas Hardy，），英国作家，生于农村没落贵族家庭。

生平
哈代於英國多爾切斯特攻讀建筑，及後於1862年前往伦敦，並成為倫敦國王學院學生，学習建筑工程，同時从事文学、哲学和神学的研究。哈代当过几年建筑师，曾獲英國皇家建築師協會及建築聯盟學院獎項，后致力于文学创作。

創作特色
他一生写了许多作品，他的小说多以农村生活为背景，前期作品长篇小说《绿荫下》、《远离尘嚣》，将宗法制农村生活理想化，反对工业化城市文明。以后作品现实主义成分逐渐加强。长篇小说《还乡》、《卡斯特桥市长》和《林中居民》，通过书中人物的悲惨遭遇，反映工业化势力深入农村后英国宗法制农村的巨大变化。《德伯家的苔丝》和《无名的裘德》是他的两部代表作长篇小说，前者描写农村姑娘遭受富人迫害以至毁灭的悲剧，后者描写农村青年在工业社会中理想被毁灭的故事。他晚年转向诗歌创作，写出诗剧《统治者》，痛斥给人民带来苦难的暴君。

他所写作品对人民贫穷不幸的生活充满同情，对工业文明和道德作了深刻的揭露和批判，但他的作品也带有一些悲观情绪和宿命论色彩。

作品
哈代具有詩人與小說家的雙重身分，除了小品文，長篇小說、短篇小說、詩歌、詩劇，品質優良。自1871年發表一部長篇小說後，每隔一二年就出版一部小說，共出版十四部長篇小說，有七部被列為英國小說中的偉大作品。
長篇小說
*《絕望的救濟》Desperate Remedies: A Novel (1871)
*《绿荫下》Under the Greenwood Tree: A Rural Painting of the Dutch School (1872)
*《一雙藍眼睛》A Pair of Blue Eyes: A Novel (1873)
*《远离尘嚣》Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
*《贝妲的婚姻》The Hand of Ethelberta: A Comedy in Chapters (1876)
*《还乡》The Return of the Native (1878)
*《司令長》The Trumpet-Major (1880)
*《冷漠的人》A Laodicean: A Story of To-day (1881)
*《塔上戀人》Two on a Tower: A Romance (1882)
*《卡斯特桥市长》The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character (1886)
*《林居人》The Woodlanders (1887)
*《德伯家的苔絲：一個純潔的少女》Tess of the d'Urbervilles: A Pure Woman Faithfully Presented (1891)
*《深受愛載者》The Well-Beloved: A Sketch of a Temperament (1897) (first published as a serial from 1892)
*《無名的裘德》Jude the Obscure (1895)

短篇故事
*《牛奶女工的浪漫冒險》"The Romantic Adventures of a Milkmaid" (1883) (collected in A Changed Man and Other Stories)
*《三個陌生人》"The Three Strangers" (1883) (collected in Wessex Tales)
*《威塞克斯故事集》Wessex Tales (1888, a collection of short stories)
*《一群高貴的淑女》A Group of Noble Dames (1891, a collection of short stories)
*《生活的小諷刺》Life's Little Ironies (1894, a collection of short stories)

詩集
*《威塞克斯的詩與其他》Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
*《過去與現在的詩》Poems of the Past and the Present (1901)
*《時光的笑柄》Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (1909)
*《現實的諷刺》Satires of Circumstance (1914)
*《幻想時刻》Moments of Vision (1917)
*《詩集》Collected Poems (1919)
*《晚期與早期抒情詩》Late Lyrics and Earlier with Many Other Verses (1922)
*《人間萬象、遙遠之夢：歌謠與瑣事》Human Shows, Far Phantasies, Songs and Trifles (1925)
*《心境與格律的冬詞》Winter Words in Various Moods and Metres (1928)

詩劇
*《王朝：拿破崙與戰爭的詩戲》(The Dynasts: An Epic-Drama of the War with Napoleon (verse drama)
**《王朝》第一部The Dynasts, Part 1 (1904))
**《王朝》第二部(The Dynasts, Part 2 (1906)
**《王朝》第三部(The Dynasts, Part 3 (1908)
*《康沃爾女王的悲劇》The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall at Tintagel in Lyonnesse (1923)

外部链接

• [http://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/ttha The Thomas Hardy Association] (TTHA)

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*[http://www.archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3Athomas%20hardy%20-contributor%3Agutenberg%20AND%20mediatype%3Atexts Works by Thomas Hardy] at Internet Archive

• [http://librivox.org/newcatalog/search.php?title=&author=Thomas+Hardy&status=all&action=Search Works by Thomas Hardy in audio format] from LibriVox
• [http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/poet.html?id=2926 Poems by Thomas Hardy] at Poetry Foundation
• [http://www.poemhunter.com/i/ebooks/pdf/thomas_hardy_2004_9.pdf Poems by Thomas Hardy] at PoemHunter.com
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821113607/http://victorian.lang.nagoya-u.ac.jp/concordance/hardy/ A Hyper-Concordance to the Works of Thomas Hardy] at the Victorian Literary Studies Archive, Nagoya University, Japan
• [http://www.poetry-archive.com/h/the_dead_man_walking.html "The Dead Man Walking" (1909)] and other Hardy poems at poetry-archive.com
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130228192011/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~bp10/wessex/index.shtml Thomas Hardy's Wessex] Research site, including [https://web.archive.org/web/20130502070810/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~bp10/wessex/evolution/maps/index.shtml maps], by Dr Birgit Plietzsch
• [http://www.classicistranieri.com/hardy/ Works by Thomas Hardy] in e-book and audiobook version
• [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=4112 Thomas Hardy's ashes at Westminster Abbey]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070208170818/http://www.isleofportlandpictures.org.uk/Surnames/Stopes/ Pictures of Thomas Hardy visiting Marie Stopes at her lighthouse home on Portland, Dorset]
• [http://www.hardysociety.org/ The Thomas Hardy Society]
• [http://www.wardsbookofdays.com/11january.htm The Life and Death of Thomas Hardy @ Ward's Book of Days]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100605152323/http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/research/fa/lfhardy.html Hardy Collection] at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin