豪猪亚目

豪猪亚目(学名:Hystricomorpha)在历史上曾有过许多含义。广义上是指所有具有豪猪型颧弓-咬肌结构(Zygomasseteric system)的啮齿目动物(跳鼠类除外),包括豪猪下目(Hystricognathi)、栉趾鼠科(Ctenodactylidae)、鳞尾松鼠科(Anomaluridae)、跳兔科(Pedetidae)。分子及形态学研究表明,将鳞尾松鼠科与跳兔科列入其中是有争议的。根据Carleton与Musser的研究,这两科被分为鳞尾松鼠亚目(Anomaluromorpha)。

豪猪亚目(又被称为Entodacrya或Ctenohystrica)的现代定义是指将栉趾鼠与豪猪下目联系起来的分类学假设。不过大多数分子与遗传学研究都表明啮齿动物是单系群。而支持啮齿类为多系群的证据被认为是源自长枝吸引(long branch attraction)的现象。

豪猪类动物于渐新世早期出现于南美洲,这里此前的陆地哺乳动物只有后兽下纲、贫齿总目、南蹄目。豪猪类是从非洲横渡大西洋到达南美洲的。同一类型的迁徙还发生在灵长目中,这些都发生于南北美洲生物大迁徙之前。不过这些说法至今尚存争议。

分类
以下的分类是根据Marivaux等人对早期啮齿类化石进行的支序分类学分析而来的。他们的研究支持豪猪亚目假说,并表明McKenna与Bell定义的先松鼠亚目(Sciuravida)是多系群,因而并不成立。

*豪猪亚目 Hystricomorpha
**梳齿鼠总科 Ctenodactyloidea
***梳齿鼠科 Ctenodactylidae
***†科 Tammquammyidae
***硅藻鼠科 Diatomyidae
***†豫鼠科 Yuomyidae
***†馕鼠科 Chapattimyidae
**演化支 Hystricognathiformes
***†查干鼠科 Tsaganomyidae
***豪猪下目 Hystricognathi
****†俾路支鼠科 Baluchimyinae
****豪猪科 Hystricidae
****菲奥鼠小目(非洲豪猪类)Phiomorpha
*****†长尾菲奥鼠科 Myophiomyidae
*****†钻石鼠科 Diamantomyidae
*****†菲奥鼠科 Phiomyidae
*****†肯尼亚鼠科 Kenyamyidae
*****岩鼠科 Petromuridae
*****蔗鼠科 Thryonomyidae
*****滨鼠科 Bathyergidae
*****†似滨鼠科 Bathyergoididae
****豚鼠小目(南美豪猪类)Caviomorpha
*****美洲豪猪总科 Erethizontoidea
******美洲豪猪科 Erethizontidae
*****豚鼠总科 Cavioidea
******†头刺豚鼠科 Cephalomyidae
******刺豚鼠科 Dasyproctidae
******兔豚鼠科 Cuniculidae
******†始豚鼠科 Eocardiidae
******花背豚鼠科 Dinomyidae
******豚鼠科 Caviidae
*****八齿鼠总科 Octodontoidea
******八齿鼠科 Octodontidae
******栉鼠科 Ctenomyidae
******棘鼠科 Echimyidae
******海狸鼠科 Myocastoridae
******硬毛鼠科 Capromyidae
******†海地岛鼠科 Heptaxodontidae
*****毛丝鼠总科 Chinchilloidea
******毛丝鼠科 Chinchillidae
******†新绒鼠科 Neoepiblemidae
******华毛鼠科 Abrocomidae
参考文献
*Bergsten, J. 2005. A review of long-branch attraction. Cladistics, 21:163-193.
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*Carleton, M. D. and G. G. Musser. 2005. Order Rodentia. Pp745–752 in Mammal Species of the World A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds.). Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
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