血液透析（）简称血透，俗稱洗腎、洗血，是將血液抽出體外，經過血液透析機的滲透膜，清除血液中的新陳代謝廢物和雜質後，再將已淨化的血液輸送回體內。
血液透析可用於腎衰竭病患，或血液中毒等身體無法自行排出毒害物質的情況。
採用血液透析的病患，每一週必須到醫院接受2至3次治療，洗血過程每次需時4至6小時，對於上班人士及須出遠門的患者是一種困擾。至於採用腹膜透析者，可在家裡進行，一個月回到醫院1次即可。
延長透析時間可以減少血液透析的併發症、增加生活品質及降低死亡率，主要原因在於脫水速率較低及可以脫去更多的尿毒素；而最好的方法是利用每天晚上睡覺的時間進行血液透析，所以比起日間透析、更不會影響日常生活；只是要提供這樣的服務，成本很高。
併發症
常見併發症包括血壓低、肌肉抽筋、噁心及嘔吐、頭痛、胸口痛、背痛、發癢、發燒及發冷和出血傾向。
較罕見的併發症包括透析不平衡症候群，對人工腎過敏反應、心律不齊、腦出血、抽筋、血溶病、空氣栓塞及心臟停頓。
凝血异常也是常見的問題。尿毒症患者由于血管性假血友病因子与血小板糖蛋白功能异常、血小板功能异常、使用抗凝剂等因素，常可发生出血。
另見
*透析
*腹膜透析
*腎臟移殖
資料來源
延伸閱讀
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外部連結
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20150502081848/http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/Kudiseases/pubs/yourkidneys/ Your Kidneys and How They Work] - (American) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110608142530/http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/kidneyfailure/index.htm Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure] - (American) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH.
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20101231135825/http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/kudiseases/pubs/hemodialysis/ Treatment Methods for Kidney Failure: Hemodialysis] - (American) National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse, NIH.
- [http://www.ihatedialysis.com Online Community for Dialysis Patients by Dialysis Patients]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20051218030408/http://www.kidney.ca/english/publications/brochures/hemodialysis/hemodialysis.htm What is dialysis?] - Kidney Foundation of Canada
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20141219035555/http://www.ceapir.org/ European Kidney Patients' Federation (CEAPIR)]
- [https://archive.today/20121209003540/http://www.vph-arch.eu/ ARCH Project] - European research project for development of a model to simulate hemodynamic changes induced by AVF surgery and long-term adaptation.
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