孢粉学

孢粉学是一门研究植物孢子和花粉的科学，研究范围包括现代植物和成为微体化石的古代植物的孢子和花粉。由于孢子和花粉个体微小，肉眼难以观察，所以孢粉学的研究始于显微镜发明之后。17世纪40年代，英国植物学家纳希米阿·格鲁通过显微镜对植物的花粉和雄蕊进行观察，得出了花粉是植物繁殖所必须的正确结论。20世纪初，瑞典学者伦纳特·冯·波斯特首次将花粉的研究应用于地质学上，并对花粉进行定量分析。现代花粉学广泛应用于石油勘探、农业、医学保健以及司法破案、植物分类等领域。
参考文献
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外部链接

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050324000056/http://geo.arizona.edu/palynology/ifps.html International Federation of Palynological Societies]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040818150213/http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/scihort/palyn.html The Palynology Unit, Kew Gardens, UK]
• [http://www.paldat.org/ PalDat, palynological database hosted by the University of Vienna, Austria]
• [http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/tms/ The Micropalaeontological Society]
• [http://www.palynology.org/ The American Association of Stratigraphic Palynologists (AASP)]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/19990903031846/http://www.shef.ac.uk/~cidmdp/ Commission Internationale de Microflore du Paléozoique (CIMP)], international commission for Palaeozoic palynology.
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070222051456/http://www.cimp.ulg.ac.be/Acritarchs.html CIMP Subcommission on Acritarchs]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20100809084732/http://www.cimp.ulg.ac.be/Chitinozoans.html CIMP Chitinozoan Subcommission]
• [http://www.linnean.org Linnean Society Palynology Specialist Group (LSPSG)]
• [http://www.scirpus.ca/cap/cap.shtml Canadian Association of Palynologists]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050527035527/http://www.geo.arizona.edu/palynology/polident.html Pollen and Spore Identification Literature]