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阿帕契族(英語:Apache)是數個文化上有關連的大平原美國原住民部族的一個總稱,阿帕契族的語言是阿帕切語系。以現時的角度排除了有關的納瓦霍族,但納瓦霍族與其他阿帕契族在文化和語言上有關連,所以也被認為是阿帕契族。阿帕契人以前分散在亞利桑那州東部、墨西哥西北、新墨西哥、部分德克薩斯州及小部分在平原上。
阿帕契族之間在政治上只有少許一致。部族使用七種不同的語言。現在阿帕契族分類包括納瓦霍族、西阿帕契族、Chiricahua、Mescalero、Jicarilla、Lipan及Plains Apache(以前的Kiowa-Apache)。阿帕契族現時居住在奧克拉荷馬州、德克薩斯州以及亞利桑那州的保留地。納瓦霍族則居住在美國的一大片保留地。部分阿帕契人已經遷居到例如紐約等大都市。
阿帕契部族歷史上相當有勢力,與白人抗爭達數世紀。美軍在不同的衝突中發現他們是兇猛的戰士和有謀的軍事家。阿帕奇族是最后一个向美国政府投降的部落,最后一位首领是傑羅尼莫(1829年6月16日-1909年2月17日)。
美軍海豹六隊在2011年5月1日深夜在巴基斯坦阿伯塔巴德展開的追擊奥萨马·本·拉登代號就是「傑羅尼莫行動」。在1885年當年動用了超過5000名士兵去捉拿傑羅尼莫。後因遭到阿帕契族抗議,美軍將此行動改稱為「海神之矛行動」。
參考文獻
- Hammond, George P. and Rey, Agapito (editors). Narratives of the Coronado Expedition 1540-1542. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1940.
- Henderson, Richard. “Replicating Dog Travois Travel on the Northern Plains.” Plains Anthropologist, V39:145-59, 1994.
- Plog, Stephen. Ancient Peoples of the American Southwest. Thames and London, LTD, London, England, 1997. ISBN 0-500-27939-X.
外部連結
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20041210013654/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_tonto.html Tonto Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110709171818/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_campverd.html Yavapai-Apache Nation (Arizona Intertribal Council)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131821/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_whitemtn.html White Mountain Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20041210012103/http://www.itcaonline.com/tribes_sancarl.html San Carlos Apache Tribe (Arizona Intertribal Council)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20170910005931/http://www.yavapai-apache.org/ official Yavapai-Apache Nation website]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20091028051522/http://www.geocities.com/~zybt/apache.htm about San Carlos Apache]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20011102025642/http://www.geocities.com/coqrico/apachealbum1.html White Mountain Apache photographs]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20010428022241/http://www.geocities.com/coqrico/ photos, facts, opinions on White Mountain Apaches & the Fort Apache Reservation]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20010405044733/http://www.geocities.com/coqrico/apachedance.html Puberty Ceremony of White Mountain Apaches (information & photo)]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20020220155744/http://www.geocities.com/coqrico/apachewren1.html US government's plan to exterminate Apaches]
- [http://www.language-museum.com/a/apache.php Apache Language Sample]
- [http://koransky.com/Trackers/Other/Apache.html a nice bibliography from Kevin Reeve]
- [http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/hav7/body.1_div.1.html Indians of Arizona (from History of Arizona)]
- [http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/hav7/body.1_div.2.html The Apache (from History of Arizona)]
参考
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