烏鴉 (詩)

(1858) 繪製。]]
《烏鴉》（），又譯作《渡鴉》，是美國作家埃德加·愛倫·坡所著的一首敘事詩，於1845年1月首次出版。它的音調優美，措辭獨具風格，詩句並有著超自然的氛圍。它講述了一隻會說話的渡鴉對一名發狂的戀人的神祕拜訪，描繪了這個男人緩慢陷入瘋狂的過程。這名戀人，普遍被認為是一名學生，因失去他的所愛勒諾（Lenore）而深感悲痛。渡鴉坐在帕拉斯胸像上，似乎在進一步煽動著他的憂傷，不斷重複著話語：「永不復焉。」此詩使用了眾多民間與古典的文獻。

愛倫·坡自認此詩寫得十分有邏輯與條理。他的目的是創作一首能皆在評論與大眾兩方引起共鳴的詩，同他在他1846年的後續評論《創作哲學》中所解釋的。此詩說話渡鴉的部分的靈感來自於查爾斯·狄更斯的《巴納比·拉奇：八零年代暴動的故事》。愛倫·坡亦模仿了白朗寧的詩作《傑拉丁女士的求婚》的複雜節奏與韻律。全詩並使用句中韻以及頭韻法。

《烏鴉》於1845年1月29日進行首次印刷，由《紐約鏡像晚報》發行。它的出版使得愛倫·坡終身受到歡迎，儘管這並沒有為他帶來巨大的財富。此詩不久後便再版、受諧仿及加上插圖。儘管評論對其地位的見解並不一致，它仍是史上最著名的詩作之一。

大綱
《烏鴉》一詩隨著一位不具名的旁白進行，在一個無趣的12月的夜晚裡，坐著朗讀一段「被遺忘的傳說」，來忘卻他的戀人麗諾爾逝去。

註釋
參考文獻

• Adams, John F. "Classical Raven Lore and Poe's Raven" in Poe Studies. Vol. V, no. 2, December 1972. [http://www.eapoe.org/pstudies/ps1970/p1972209.htm Available online]
• Forsythe, Robert. "Poe's 'Nevermore': A Note", as collected in American Literature 7. January, 1936.
• Granger, Byrd Howell. "Marginalia - Devil Lore in 'The Raven'" from Poe Studies vol. V, no. 2, December 1972 [http://www.eapoe.org/pstudies/ps1970/p1972209.htm Available online]
• Hirsch, David H. "The Raven and the Nightingale" as collected in Poe and His Times: The Artist and His Milieu, edited by Benjamin Franklin Fisher IV. Baltimore: The Edgar Allan Poe Society, Inc., 1990. ISBN 0-9616449-2-3
• Hoffman, Daniel. Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe Poe. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. ISBN 0-8071-2321-8
• Kopley, Richard and Kevin J. Hayes. "Two verse masterworks: 'The Raven' and 'Ulalume'", collected in The Cambridge Companion to Edgar Allan Poe, edited by Kevin J. Hayes. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-79727-6
• Krutch, Joseph Wood. Edgar Allan Poe: A Study in Genius. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926.
• Meyers, Jeffrey. Edgar Allan Poe: His Life and Legacy. New York City: Cooper Square Press, 1992. ISBN 0-8154-1038-7
• Moss, Sidney P. Poe's Literary Battles: The Critic in the Context of His Literary Milieu. Southern Illinois University Press, 1969.
• Ostrom, John Ward. "Edgar A. Poe: His Income as Literary Entrepreneur", collected in Poe Studies Vol. 5, no. 1. June 1982.
• Peeples, Scott. Edgar Allan Poe Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1998. ISBN 0-8057-4572-6
• Poe, Edgar Allan. Edgar Allan Poe: Complete Tales & Poems. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2002. ISBN 0-7858-1453-1
• Silverman, Kenneth. Edgar A. Poe: Mournful and Never-ending Remembrance. New York: Harper Perennial, 1991. ISBN 0-06-092331-8
• Sova, Dawn B. Edgar Allan Poe: A to Z. New York City: Checkmark Books, 2001. ISBN 0-8160-4161-X
• Thomas, Dwight and David K. Jackson. The Poe Log: A Documentary Life of Edgar Allan Poe, 1809-1849. New York: G. K. Hall & Co., 1987. ISBN 0-7838-1401-1
• Weiss, Susan Archer. The Home Life of Poe. New York: Broadway Publishing Company, 1907.

外部連結
原文

• [http://www.eapoe.org/works/poems/ravena.htm "The Raven"] - Full text of the first printing, from the American Review, 1845
• [http://www.eapoe.org/works/poems/ravent.htm "The Raven"] - Full text of the final authorized printing, from the Richmond Semi-Weekly Examiner, 1849

評論

• [http://ssb22.user.srcf.net/raven.html 《渡鸦》夹注 “The Raven” annotated for Chinese readers]
• [http://www.poedecoder.com/essays/raven/ The Poe Decoder] - Essay on the symbols, words and composition of "The Raven"
• [http://www.archive.org/details/ravenwithliterar00poeeuoft The Raven. With Literary and Historical Commentary by John H. Ingram]. London G. Redway. 1885.
• [http://www.cummingsstudyguides.net/Guides2/Raven.html#The%20Raven "The Raven" Study Guide]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227144435/http://www.shmoop.com/intro/poetry/edgar-allan-poe/the-raven.html "The Raven"] study guide and teacher resources
• [http://www.vaelostudio.org/voronsky/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=729&Itemid=139 "The Raven – Amore in A Minor by Vladimir Voronsky"]

圖本
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音訊

• [http://classicpoetryaloud.podomatic.com/entry/2008-02-29T02_21_58-08_00 Reading of 'The Raven' and text] by Classic Poetry Aloud (MP3)
• [http://publicliterature.org/books/the_raven/xaa.php "The Raven"] , complete text and audio
• Garrison Keillor's rendition of [http://www.publicradio.org/tools/media/player/phc/2006/09/09_phc?start=00:01:26:29.0&end=00:01:35:55.5 "The Raven"] (RealAudio)
• [http://librivox.org/the-raven-by-edgar-allan-poe/ Reading of "The Raven"] by LibriVox
• Audiobook recording with accompanying text of [http://loudlit.org/works/raven.htm "The Raven"] .
• [http://www.jottings.ca/john/voices/sound/08.mp3 Reading of "The Raven"] by Martin Reyto

影片

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090326081308/http://tomsoni.com/media/Raven.wmv Video] of Vincent Price giving a dramatic, however not always literal, reading of "The Raven"
• [http://www.trilobitepictures.com/raven/index.html Official site] of the 2003 short film version by Trilobite Pictures
• [http://vodpod.com/watch/1304748-the-raven-on-the-simpsons "The Raven"] from The Simpsons Tree House of Horror
• [http://knowingpoe.thinkport.org/library/works.asp Knowing Poe] John Astin gives a dramatic rendition of "The Raven".

多媒體

• Interactive multimedia [http://www.keepreading.us/raven e-book] of "The Raven" bringing together Poe's verse, the reading by Robert Donald and the engravings by Gustave Doré.