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奇異豬籠草

Wikipedia · 2025-09-25 维基百科 👁 1 阅读

奇異豬籠草（）是分布最为广泛猪笼草属植物。其种加词“mirabilis”来源于拉丁文，意为“奇异的，令人惊叹的”。其是豬籠草属中分布最为广泛的物种，其分布范围覆盖东南亚、马来群岛的主要岛屿（除开小巽他群岛及菲律宾北部地区），并一直北延至中国南部，南延至澳大利亚。。

奇异猪笼草的叶片和捕虫笼质地柔软，捕虫笼耐久性不佳，易枯萎。在杂交中，其捕虫笼形态与质地的性状强势，仅在维多利亚时代常用于育种，现已极少使用。。在香港，奇異豬籠草受香港法例第96章《林區及郊區條例》保護。

形态特征
奇异猪笼草为直立草本或攀援藤本，高0.5至2米。莲座状植株的叶片密集，近无柄，基部半抱茎，呈披针形，长约10厘米，边缘呈流苏状。笼蔓短于叶片。攀援茎的叶片散生，具柄，呈长圆形或披针形，长10至25厘米。叶基下延，全缘或为流苏状，两面常具紫红色斑点，中脉两侧各具纵脉4至8条，笼蔓约与叶片等长，具上位笼或否。

奇异猪笼草的下位笼高约2至6厘米，为狭卵形或近圆柱形，被疏柔毛和星状毛。腹面具一对笼翼，笼翼具翼须。笼盖基部的后方的笼蔓尾分叉，分2至8条。笼盖为卵形或近圆形，其内表面密布近圆形的腺体。、香港、澳门及橫琴）、當特爾卡斯托群島、爪哇、老挝、路易西亚德群岛、摩鹿加群島、緬甸、新幾內亞、西马来西亚、菲律賓（迪纳加特岛及棉兰老岛）、蘇拉威西島、苏门答腊岛、泰國及越南。

此外，其也存在于许多小型岛屿中，包括巴比岛、邦加島、巴尼亞群島、巴圖群島、望加丽岛、恩加诺岛、兰塔岛、达鲁岛、浮罗交怡、孟德尔岛、明打威群島（北巴蓋島、西比路島、南巴蓋島）、美兰地群岛（巴東島、朗桑島、直名丁宜島）、尼亞斯島、槟榔屿、廖内群岛（林加群島、廖内岛）、魯帕島、塔威塔威，也可能存在于沃沃尼島。

相关物种
奇异猪笼草与澳大利亚特有的罗恩猪笼草和细猪笼草之间存在着密切的近缘关系。

在食虫植物数据库中，分类学家扬·施劳尔将空堪达猪笼草列为奇异猪笼草的同物异名。

种下类群
奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼在形态和颜色方面具有非常大的可变性，同时也是猪笼草属内存在最多同物异名的物种。以下是已被描述的奇异猪笼草的变型和变种。

*Nepenthes mirabilis f. anamensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
*Nepenthes mirabilis var. anamensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
*Nepenthes mirabilis var. biflora J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
*Nepenthes mirabilis var. echinostoma (Hook.f.) Hort.Slack ex J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1992)
*Nepenthes mirabilis var. globosa M.Catal. (2010)
*Nepenthes mirabilis f. simensis (Hort.Weiner) Hort.Westphal (1991)
*Nepenthes mirabilis var. simensis Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985) nom.nud.
*Nepenthes mirabilis f. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Westphal (2000)
*Nepenthes mirabilis var. smilesii (Hemsl.) Hort.Weiner in sched. (1985)

棘口奇异猪笼草
棘口奇异猪笼草仅存在于婆罗洲西部。其生长势与对环境的适应性不如原变型。1882年，弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇在他的著作《园丁纪事》中对其进行了描述。{{refn|name=Gardeners|group="注"|弗雷德里克·威廉·伯比奇在他的著作《园丁纪事》中的原文：

棘口奇异猪笼草是唯一存在于文莱的奇异猪笼草变型。它还存在于沙捞越，但尚未在沙巴发现。球状猪笼草一词最早出现在仓田重夫一篇刊登于2007年7月《食虫植物研究会杂志》的文章中。其被称为海盗猪笼草，是因为其捕虫笼类似于海盗船的船头。

共生生物
已在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中发现了大量的共生生物。包括分布于澳大利亚的奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中的巴布亚麻蝇和瓦氏猪笼草螨。此外，在帛琉和雅蒲島的奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中分别发现于两种伊蚊。这些昆虫都具有特殊的生活史和与此习性相关的形态特征。

存在于泰国奇异猪笼草捕虫笼中的奇异线虫已被描述。在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中发现这种线虫并不是一个偶然；其捕虫笼已成为了奇异线虫的天然栖息地。孑孓和奇异线虫主导着捕虫笼中的微生态系统。据推测，这种线虫与一种或多种共生昆虫间存在着携播关系。

在中国南部，曾观察到树蛙在奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中栖息。这些树蛙并不是猪笼草的猎物，而会在捕食猪笼草内捕食昆虫。它们不受强酸性的消化液的影响（其pH值可低至2），可能是由于其具有皮肤表面粘液的隔离。

在澳大利亚贾丁河沿岸生长的奇异猪笼草，在其捕虫笼中发现了一种特殊的水生真菌。其菌丝自由生活于消化液中，或附着于捕虫笼内昆虫的几丁质外壳上。

此外，还发现奇异猪笼草的捕虫笼中存在着一个极其复杂的细菌群落。

自然杂交种
奇异猪笼草是猪笼草属中已知自然杂交种最多的物种。以下是已发现的奇异猪笼草的自然杂交种。
*N. alata × N. mirabilis [=N. × mirabilata]
*N. ampullaria × N. mirabilis [=N. × kuchingensis, Nepenthes cutinensis]
*N. andamana × N. mirabilis（包括N. andamana × N. mirabilis var. globosa）
*N. bicalcarata × N. mirabilis
*N. insignis × N. mirabilis
*N. kampotiana × N. mirabilis
*N. mirabilis × N. reinwardtiana
*N. mirabilis × N. smilesii
*N. mirabilis × N. spathulata
*N. mirabilis × N. tomoriana。

在广东的部分地区，奇异猪笼草的叶片和花序在干燥后也可以用于泡茶。

據马修·杰布及马丁·奇克所指，新幾內亞以奇異豬籠草的捕虫笼作陰莖護套。

注释
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