菜粉蝶(學名:Pieris rapae,英文俗名:,別名:紋白蝶、日本紋白蝶、白紋蝶、菜白蝶,俗稱菜蟲)-{zh-hans:在台湾又名缘点白粉蝶;zh-hant:在台灣又名白粉蝶;zh-tw:在台灣以外漢語使用地區又名菜粉蝶;}-,是屬於粉蝶科的一種蝴蝶,是粉蝶屬的一種。廣泛分佈於歐亞大陸大部分地區,並已入侵並立足於北美、北非、澳洲、紐西蘭等地低至高海拔地區。模式產地為瑞典。
一年多代。成蝶飛行緩慢,好訪花。冬季溫度低的地區以蛹態過冬。幼蟲的寄主主要為十字花科植物,大多都是農作產物,所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的農業害蟲。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上,因此飯盒裡常能找到煮熟的幼蟲,爲了避免各類昆蟲啃食,農夫大多會施以農藥防治以達立竿見影之效。
語源
拉丁學名的種名「rapae」源自古希臘語「ραπάνι」(rapáni),指蘿蔔(radish),也是菜粉蝶幼蟲的一種常用寄主植物。
在台灣以外漢語使用地區,中文種名「菜」源於此種的幼蟲常以十字花科的蔬菜為食。在台灣使用的中文名字直接以屬名「-{白}-粉蝶」命名,皆因此種的族群數量多,分佈廣,足以作為本屬代表。而別名「紋白蝶」乃源自日文名稱「モン(紋)シロチョウ(白蝶)」。
形態近似的物種有:
- 黑紋粉蝶 Pieris melete
- 奈斯粉蝶 Pieris nesis
- 杜鵑粉蝶 Pieris dulcinea
- 歐洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae
- 東方菜粉蝶 Pieris canidia
- 飛龍粉蝶 Talbotia naganum
習性
幼蟲爬出卵殼後,會回頭噴食卵殼,作為孵化後的第一餐。幼蟲會取食寄主植物的葉片、花序和果實。幼蟲化蛹前通常會爬離寄主,在其他植物或附近雜物上化蛹。
成蟲一年多代。全年四季可見,冬季溫度低的地區或以蛹態過冬。出沒於海拔0-2500米地區的常綠闊葉林、農田、鄉村及都市荒地、熱帶季風林、熱帶雨林、海岸林、常綠落葉闊葉混生林、常綠硬葉林。主要出沒於平原到丘陵農田和周圍的荒地。牠喜歡陽性環境,在菜田等農田周圍飛行,又愛在菊科等各種花卉間飛舞。開闊的農耕地正爲其所好,因此成爲十字花科蔬菜的主要蟲害。冬季稻作休耕時,農民習慣種植油菜作爲綠肥,正好提供本種幼蟲大量的食物,每當油菜田裡黃花盛開,總是有成群的白色蝴蝶於田間飛舞。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上。
- P. r. deleta Strand, 1901
- P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
:- 分佈於北非
- P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
:- 分佈於高加索及亞美尼亞高原
- P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
:- 分佈於塔雷什山脈及克佩特山脈
- P. r. kenteana Rühl, [1893]
:- 分佈於俄羅斯阿爾泰、薩彥嶺、外貝加爾山脈、遠東及堪察加半島
- P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
:- 分佈於俄羅斯阿穆爾、烏蘇里灣及庫頁島
- P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
:- 新疆亞種,分佈於中亞圖蘭低地、天山山脈、吉薩爾山脈、達爾瓦茲、阿賴山脈及帕米爾高原
- P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
:- 分佈於敘利亞、巴勒斯坦地區及約旦
- P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
:- 分佈於達爾馬提亞
- P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
:- 分佈於日本九州
- P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
:- 分佈於日本
- P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
:- 東方亞種,分佈於中國浙江等地
- P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
:- 台灣亞種,分佈於香港、台灣及俄羅斯千島群島
- P. r. yunnana Mell, 1943
:- 雲南亞種,分佈於華南如雲南
- P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945
參考
文獻
: 17世紀
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: 19世紀
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: 20世紀
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*
: 21世紀
- Capinera JL. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, San Diego. 729 pp.
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- Leley, 2016. Annotated catalogue of the insects of Russian Far East. Volume II. Lepidoptera Cat. ins. Russian Far East. 2 : 1-812
外部連結
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- [http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=21425 Pieris rapae] - Bold Systems
- [https://www.leps.it/indexjs.htm?SpeciesPages/ArtogRapae.htm Pieris rapae] - Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa
- [http://mothphotographersgroup.msstate.edu/species.php?hodges=4197 Pieris rapae] - Moth Photographers Group - 密西西比州立大學
- [http://butterfliesofamerica.com/L/pieris_r_rapae.htm Pieris rapae rapae] - Butterflies of America
- [http://www.eurobutterflies.com/sp/rapae.php Pieris rapae] - euroButterflies
- [https://www.butterfliesandmoths.org/species/Pieris-rapae Pieris rapae] - Butterflies and Moths of North America
- [http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/imported_cabbageworm.htm Pieris rapae] - Featured Creatures - 佛羅里達大學
- [https://www.cbif.gc.ca/eng/species-bank/butterflies-of-canada/cabbage-white/?id=1370403265562 Pieris rapae] - Canadian Biodiversity Information Facility
- [http://lepidoptera.butterflyhouse.com.au/pier/rapae.html Pieris rapae] - Lepidoptera Larvae of Australia
- [http://www.lepiforum.de/lepiwiki.pl?Pieris_Rapae Pieris rapae] - Lepiforum
- [http://www.euroleps.ch/seiten/s_art.php?art=pier_rapae Pieris rapae] - euroleps.ch
- [http://www.pieris.ch/seiten/main.php?page=art&art=pier_rapae Pieris rapae] - pieris.ch
- [http://www.nkis.info/nkis/austaxonshow.cgi?uid=FS0022&tax=6584&lang=g Pieris rapae] - Natural History Information System
- [https://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/pieridae/pierinae/pieris/#rapae Pieris rapae] - funet.fi
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