菜粉蝶

菜粉蝶(學名:Pieris rapae,英文俗名:,別名:紋白蝶、日本紋白蝶、白紋蝶、菜白蝶,俗稱菜蟲)-{zh-hans:在台湾又名缘点白粉蝶;zh-hant:在台灣又名白粉蝶;zh-tw:在台灣以外漢語使用地區又名菜粉蝶;}-,是屬於粉蝶科的一種蝴蝶,是粉蝶屬的一種。廣泛分佈於歐亞大陸大部分地區,並已入侵並立足於北美、北非、澳洲、紐西蘭等地低至高海拔地區。模式產地為瑞典。

一年多代。成蝶飛行緩慢,好訪花。冬季溫度低的地區以蛹態過冬。幼蟲的寄主主要為十字花科植物,大多都是農作產物,所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的農業害蟲。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上,因此飯盒裡常能找到煮熟的幼蟲,爲了避免各類昆蟲啃食,農夫大多會施以農藥防治以達立竿見影之效。

語源
拉丁學名的種名「rapae」源自古希臘語「ραπάνι」(rapáni),指蘿蔔(radish),也是菜粉蝶幼蟲的一種常用寄主植物。

在台灣以外漢語使用地區,中文種名「」源於此種的幼蟲常以十字花科的蔬菜為食。在台灣使用的中文名字直接以屬名「-{白}-粉蝶」命名,皆因此種的族群數量多,分佈廣,足以作為本屬代表。而別名「紋白蝶」乃源自日文名稱「モン(紋)シロチョウ(白蝶)」。

形態近似的物種有:

  • 黑紋粉蝶 Pieris melete
  • 奈斯粉蝶 Pieris nesis
  • 杜鵑粉蝶 Pieris dulcinea
  • 歐洲粉蝶 Pieris brassicae
  • 東方菜粉蝶 Pieris canidia
  • 飛龍粉蝶 Talbotia naganum

習性
幼蟲爬出卵殼後,會回頭噴食卵殼,作為孵化後的第一餐。幼蟲會取食寄主植物的葉片、花序和果實。幼蟲化蛹前通常會爬離寄主,在其他植物或附近雜物上化蛹。

成蟲一年多代。全年四季可見,冬季溫度低的地區或以蛹態過冬。出沒於海拔0-2500米地區的常綠闊葉林、農田、鄉村及都市荒地、熱帶季風林、熱帶雨林、海岸林、常綠落葉闊葉混生林、常綠硬葉林。主要出沒於平原到丘陵農田和周圍的荒地。牠喜歡陽性環境,在菜田等農田周圍飛行,又愛在菊科等各種花卉間飛舞。開闊的農耕地正爲其所好,因此成爲十字花科蔬菜的主要蟲害。冬季稻作休耕時,農民習慣種植油菜作爲綠肥,正好提供本種幼蟲大量的食物,每當油菜田裡黃花盛開,總是有成群的白色蝴蝶於田間飛舞。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上。

  • P. r. deleta Strand, 1901
  • P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908

:- 分佈於北非

  • P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)

:- 分佈於高加索及亞美尼亞高原

  • P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934

:- 分佈於塔雷什山脈及克佩特山脈

  • P. r. kenteana Rühl, [1893]

:- 分佈於俄羅斯阿爾泰、薩彥嶺、外貝加爾山脈、遠東及堪察加半島

  • P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836

:- 分佈於俄羅斯阿穆爾、烏蘇里灣及庫頁島

  • P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha

:- 新疆亞種,分佈於中亞圖蘭低地、天山山脈、吉薩爾山脈、達爾瓦茲、阿賴山脈及帕米爾高原

  • P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905

:- 分佈於敘利亞、巴勒斯坦地區及約旦

  • P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909

:- 分佈於達爾馬提亞

  • P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909

:- 分佈於日本九州

  • P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909

:- 分佈於日本

  • P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940

:- 東方亞種,分佈於中國浙江等地

  • P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942

:- 台灣亞種,分佈於香港、台灣及俄羅斯千島群島

  • P. r. yunnana Mell, 1943

:- 雲南亞種,分佈於華南如雲南

  • P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945

參考
文獻
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: 19世紀

: 20世紀

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: 21世紀

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外部連結
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