詹姆斯·惠斯勒

詹姆斯·惠斯勒（，），著名印象派畫家，父親是美國工程師，全家曾居於聖彼得堡。惠斯勒曾入讀西點軍校，之後自選畫家為職業。

惠斯勒出生于马萨诸塞州，21岁时怀着成为艺术家的雄心前往巴黎。他在伦敦建立起事业，从此未曾返回祖国。多年后，他成为19世纪美术史上最前卫的画家之一。作为一名旅居者，惠斯勒没有受到为道德而艺术的美国趋势的影响。相反，他甚至追求唯美主义，即“为艺术而艺术”（art for art's sake），这种理论认为美感应当是艺术追求的唯一目标。

在1870年代事业达到高峰之际，惠斯勒关注艺术作品的展现。他为自己的画设计画框，有时甚至自己安排展览。在为英国船王、他的主要赞助人弗雷德里克·雷兰（Frederick Richards Leyland）的伦敦住宅设计餐厅装饰时，他最终实现了塑造无所不包的整体美感的愿望。那间现在被称为孔雀厅的餐厅提高了惠斯勒作为唯美主义画家的声誉，显示出他对美感的追求远远超越了画框。

惠斯勒的畫作不太重視輪廓和素描，而注重彩色和音樂的效果，尤其喜歡在畫作命名上加上音樂的術語，例如《母親的畫像》又名《灰色與黑色的交響》。

延伸阅读
Bendix, D M (1995). Diabolical Designs: Paintings, Interiors and Exhibitions of James McNeill Whistler*. Washington D.C. The Smithsonian Institution Press. .
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Curry, David Park (1984). James McNeill Whistler at the Freer Gallery of Art*. New York: W. W. Norton and Freer Gallery of Art. .
Denker, Eric (2003). Whistler and His Circle in Venice*. London: Merrell Publishers. .
Dorment, R and MacDonald, M. F. (1994). James McNeill Whistler*. London: Tate Gallery..
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Glazer, Lee, et al. (2008). James McNeill Whistler in Context*. Washington D.C.: Smithsonian Institution..
Glazer, Lee and Merrill, Linda eds. (2013). Palaces of Art: Whistler and the Art Worlds of Aestheticism.* Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. .
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Grieve, Alastair (1984). Whistler's Venice*. Yale University Press. .
Heijbroek, J. E. and MacDonald, Margaret F. (1997). Whistler and Holland*. Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. .
Levey, Mervyn (1975). Whistler Lithographs, Catalogue Raisonne*. London: Jupiter Books.
Lochnan, Katherine A.(1984). The Etchings of James McNeill Whistler*. Yale University Press. .
MacDonald Margaret F. (2001). Palaces in the Night: Whistler and Venice*. University of California Press. .
MacDonald, Margaret F. ed. (2003). Whistler's Mother, An American Icon*. Aldershot: Lund Humphries. .
MacDonald, Margaret F., Galassi, Susan Grace and Ribeiro, Aileen (2003). Whistler, Women, & Fashion*. Frick Collection/Yale University. .
MacDonald, Margaret F., and de Montfort, Patricia (2013). An American in London, Whistler and the Thames*. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. .
Merrill, Linda (1992). A Pot of Paint; Aesthetics on Trial in Whistler v. Ruskin*. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution Press. .
Merrill, Linda (1998). The Peacock Room: A Cultural Biography*. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art / Yale University Press. .
Merrill, Linda, and Ridley, Sarah (1993) The Princess and the Peacocks; or, The Story of the [Peacock] Room*. New York: Hyperion Books for Children, in association with the Freer Gallery of Art. .
Merrill, Linda, et al. (2003) After Whistler: The Artist and his Influence on American Painting*. Yale University Press. .
Munhall, Edgar (1995). Whistler and Montesquiou*. Paris: Flammarion. .
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Petri, Grischka (2011). Arrangement in Business: The Art Markets and the Career of James McNeill Whistler*. Hildesheim: G. Olms. .
Robins, Anna Gruetzner (2007). A Fragile Modernism, Whistler and his Impressionist Followers*. Yale University Press..
Spencer, Robin (1991). Whistler: A Retrospective*. New York: Wing Books. .
Stubbs, Burns A. (1950). James McNeill Whistler: A Biographical Outline Illustrated from the Collections of the Freer Gallery of Art*. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Sutherland, Daniel E. and Toutziari, G. (2018). James McNeill Whistler*. Yale University Press..
Thompson, Jennifer A. (2017). "[https://publications.philamuseum.org/entries/101800 Purple and Rose: The Lange Leizen of the Six Marks by James Abbott McNeill Whistler (cat. 1112)]." In [https://publications.philamuseum.org/jgj/vol1 The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works]*, edited by Christopher D. M. Atkins. A Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication. .
*Twohig, Edward (2018). Print REbels: Haden – Palmer – Whistler and the origins of the RE (Royal Society of Painter-Printmaker) by Edward Twohig RE. . Published by the Royal Society of Painter-Printmakers in London, in May 2018.
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Young, MacDonald, Spencer, Miles (1980). The Paintings of James McNeill Whistler*. Yale University Press..

外部參考
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*[http://www.whistler.arts.gla.ac.uk/ The Correspondence of James McNeill Whistler, Glasgow University] Edited by M.F.MacDonald, P.de Montfort, N. Thorp.
*[http://etchings.arts.gla.ac.uk/ Catalogue raisonné of the etchings of James McNeill Whistler] by M.F. MacDonald, G. Petri, M. Hausberg, J. Meacock.
*[https://www.whistlerpaintings.gla.ac.uk/catalogue/ James McNeill Whistler: The Paintings, a Catalogue Raisonné, University of Glasgow, 2014] by M.F. MacDonald, G. Petri.
*[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/search/field/subjec/searchterm/Whistler,%20James%20McNeill,%201834-1903%20--%20Exhibitions/mode/exact James McNeill Whistler exhibition catalogs]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090625040804/http://www.asia.si.edu/collections/americanHome.htm The Freer Gallery of Art] which houses the premier collection of Whistler works including the Peacock Room.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20031230060225/http://iupjournals.org/victorian/vic42-4.html An account of the Whistler/Ruskin affair]
*[http://www.whistlerhouse.org/ Whistler House Museum of Art official web site]
*[https://exchange.umma.umich.edu/quick_search/query?utf8=true&q=artist:%22James%20Abbott%20McNeill%20Whistler%22 Works by James Abbott McNeill Whistler] at University of Michigan Museum of Art
*[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/findingaids/wundrudo.htm Rudolf Wunderlich Collection of James McNeill Whistler Exhibition Catalogs at the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art]
*[http://www.whistlersociety.org/ The Whistler Society, London. Founded 2012.]
Jennifer A. Thompson, [https://publications.philamuseum.org/entries/101800# "Purple and Rose: The Lange Leizen of the Six Marks by James Abbott McNeill Whistler (cat. 1112)"] in [https://publications.philamuseum.org/jgj/vol1 The John G. Johnson Collection: A History and Selected Works]*, a Philadelphia Museum of Art free digital publication.

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